Questa è un’ampia traduzione (riprendendo le parti più rilevanti) dell’articolo di Bill Mitchell apparso sul suo blog nel 2011.
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In un interessante articolo pubblicato da Bloomberg (2011), dal titolo “Dare a Karl Marx la possibilità di salvare l’economia mondiale” George Magnus, un consulente economico (della UBS), richiama il pensiero di Marx, suggerendo la lettura delle sue opere, in particolare IL CAPITALE (DAS KAPITAL), poiché oggi, al contrario di quanto l’opinione generale (soprattutto a sinistra) ritenga, la questione attorno alla “lotta di classe” è sempre viva e andrebbe seriamente presa in considerazione.
Viviamo in un epoca in cui il “libero mercato” segna il nostro tempo: tutto può essere compreso a livello di scambio, tutti gli scambi sono mediati dai prezzi di mercato che erogano perequazioni di valori d’uso per ogni scambiatore, ma questo ragionamento cade quando si parla di mercato del lavoro. In fin dei conti i lavoratori non vendono il lavoro ma la “forza lavoro” (capacità di lavorare). Come mai? Perché il valore d’uso della forza lavoro è estratto (goduto) all’interno del cambio (cioè, mentre gli operai sono ancora al lavoro). Il lavoro d’uso – la fonte di profitto – è incerto e una funzione di controllo viene indicata. I “capi dirigenti” devono controllare la realizzazione di quel valore d’uso come produzione in un ambiente dove la maggioranza dei lavoratori sarebbe meglio che non ci fossero. Qui si denota a differenza tra destra e sinistra, cioè all’interno delle dinamiche di classe, in senso marxiano.
Ci sono sicuramente altre tematiche sfruttate dal capitale (come la questione di genere, la sessualità, la razza…) ma quando la situazione diventa più intensa, più urgente, la lotta per la distribuzione del reddito derivante dalla produzione è ancora molto significativa. Non possiamo davvero capire la crisi se non comprendiamo le dinamiche di classe sottostanti. Potrebbe bastare dire che la crisi è il risultato della politica povera di un governo e un fallimento per l’impiego in maniera non adeguata degli strumenti fiscali di cui dispone un governo.
Ma la domanda che segue è PERCHE’?
– Perché i nostri governi sono messi sotto pressione per stringere la politica fiscale, quando è evidente che una maggiore spesa è disperatamente necessaria e non sembra che verrà dal settore governativo/pubblico?
– Com’è possibile che il dibattito politico è ricoperto da coloro che vogliono grandi tagli alla spesa in un momento in cui la disoccupazione e la sottoccupazione, nella più grande economia, si stanno muovendo verso il 20%?
– Com’è possibile che ignoriamo il fatto che ogni giorno milioni di lavoratori stanno lentamente o meno lentamente esaurendo tutta la ricchezza che avevano faticosamente costruito in una vita lavorativa solo per vivere una vita standard, perché i loro redditi sono prosciugati per mancanza di lavoro?
– Com’è possibile che possono essere prese seriamente quelle persone che dicono che bisogna tagliare i sussidi di disoccupazione, quando questi per milioni di persone rappresentano la solo ancora di salvezza?
– Com’è possibile che quando le grandi banche d’investimento (di Wall Street ma anche di altri luoghi ed in altre nazioni), che hanno agito nella più totale illegalità (speculando e facendo esplodere bolle finanziarie), nel momento in cui stanno per fallire i governi, nel giro di poche ore, annunciano i loro enormi salvataggi? Ma fare qualcosa, di base, come creare posti di lavoro pubblici ad un salario minimo lo si ritiene insostenibile?
– Com’è possibile che migliaia di criminali sono ancora liberi di girare e lavorare ogni giorno per il settore finanziario e che sia anche permessa “l’estrazione” di premi enormi per portare avanti lavori del tutto improduttivi, quando migliaia di poveri sono invece imprigionati ogni giorno per violazioni minori contro il patrimonio?
In ogni caso, cosa ha a che fare Marx con tutto questo?
George Magnus dice:
“I responsabili politici che lottano per capire la raffica di panico finanziario, le contestazioni e altri mali che affliggono il mondo, farebbero bene a studiare le opere di un economista morto da tempo: Karl Marx.
Prima essi riconoscono che stiamo affrontando una crisi irripetibile del capitalismo, meglio attrezzati saranno per gestire una via d’uscita”.
Dunque le intuizioni fondamentali di Marx sono ancora rilevanti. Dovremmo (ri)portare l’attenzione sulla questione di “classe”.
A proposito del conflitto tra capitale e lavoro, Marx ne “Il Capitale” dice che la ricerca di profitto e produttività potrebbe condurre le imprese ad avere sempre meno bisogno di lavoratori, creando un “esercito industriale di riserva” di poveri e disoccupati: “l’accumulazione di ricchezza ad un polo è, quindi, allo stesso tempo accumulazione di miseria”.
Negli ultimi anni del c.d. periodo liberista negli Stati Uniti, ad esempio, gli “sforzi” delle aziende per ridurre i costi ed evitare assunzioni hanno incrementato i profitti delle stesse imprese (in percentuale alla produzione economica totale) al livello più alto in oltre sei decenni, allo stesso tempo i lavoratori impiegati non hanno goduto di una crescita reale dei salari, quindi, mentre i profitti sono lievitati alle stelle, le fila dei disoccupati e sottoccupati non hanno goduto di nulla. Questo periodo è stato caratterizzato da un vero e proprio attacco alle condizioni dei lavoratori, con soppressione delle estremità inferiori della distribuzione del reddito.
L’analisi dei dati degli ultimi trent’anni ha messo in evidenza una caratteristica: il drammatico aumento della quota profitto e la proporzionale riduzione della quota salari.
L’assalto alla regolamentazione e l’attacco ai diritti dei lavoratori hanno portato un crescente divario tra la produttività del lavoro e la crescita dei salari reali. Il risultato è stato una drammatica redistribuzione del reddito verso il capitale.
In passato, i salari reali crescevano in linea con la produttività, questo assicurava alle imprese di realizzare i profitti attesi tramite la vendita. Con i salari reali molto arretrati rispetto alla crescita della produttività doveva essere trovato un nuovo modo per permettere ai lavoratori di “consumare”: il trucco è stato trovato nella crescita della c.d. “ingegneria finanziaria”, che ha spinto verso l’alto il debito del settore delle famiglie (debito privato).
I capitalisti hanno trovato che avrebbero potuto sostenere le vendite e ricevere ulteriori bonus sotto forma di pagamento di interessi, ma anche, dall’altro lato, sopprimere la crescita dei salari reali. Le famiglie, attratte dai tassi d’interesse più bassi e strategie di marketing implacabili nel settore finanziario, hanno iniziato a fare festa con il credito.
La quota crescente della produzione reale (reddito) intascata dal capitale è diventata il “chip” di gioco per una rapida espansione e deregolamentazione del settore finanziario.
I governi hanno sostenuto che questo avrebbe creato ricchezza per tutti. E per un po la ricchezza nominale è cresciuta, anche se la sua distribuzione non è diventata più equa. Tuttavia, l’avidità ha avuto la meglio sui banchieri, mentre incoraggiavano debito sempre più rischioso verso persone che erano chiaramente suscettibile di default.
Questo fu l’origine della crisi dei mutui sub-prime del 2007-2008.
In buona sostanza il credito facile ha permesso famiglie povere di godere di uno stile di vita “da ricchi”, oscurando le dinamiche di disuguaglianza sottostanti.
Altro aspetto da prendere in considerazione a proposito dell’analisi marxiana, è il concetto legato al “paradosso di sovrapproduzione.”
Marx ha anche sottolineato il paradosso della sovrapproduzione e del sottoconsumo: più persone sono relegate nella povertà meno essi saranno in grado di consumare tutti i beni e i servizi che le aziende producono. Quando un’azienda taglia i costi per aumentare i guadagni, è intelligente, ma quando lo fanno tutti allora minano la formazione del reddito e la domanda effettiva, su ci si basano per i ricavi e i profitti.
Questo è un problema evidente anche nel mondo odierno: abbiamo una capacità significativa di produzione, ma nelle coorti a medio e basso reddito, troviamo una diffusa insicurezza economica e bassi consumi.
Come afferma Marx ne “Il Capitale”: “la ragione ultima di tutte le crisi reali rimane sempre la povertà e il consumo limitato delle masse”.
Keynes ha utilizzato l’incapacità degli economisti neoclassici di spiegare la realtà del 1930 per introdurre il concetto di disoccupazione involontaria. Comprendere il significato di disoccupazione involontaria richiede una preliminare comprensione di come sia stato introdotto il concetto di domanda effettiva nell’analisi. L’obiettivo era quello di negare la visione classica che i veri risultati nell’economia sono stati determinati dall’equilibrio di piena occupazione raggiunto nel mercato del lavoro. In altre parole, la domanda aggregata – o più correttamente – l’importanza della domanda effettiva.
I post-keynesiani normalmente iniziano con la “Teoria Generale” di Keynes (1936) a esplicitare il principio della domanda effettiva. Tuttavia, gli elementi essenziali alla base della critica della legge di Say e la comprensione moderna della disoccupazione involontaria, in una economia monetaria capitalista, si possono trovare in Marx, in particolare nella Teoria del plusvalore (1863).
In particolare nel capitolo XVII ci sono varie discussioni sul rifiuto classico (dei ricardiani) della possibilità di sovrapproduzione generalizzata e come quella erronea visione sia basata sull’idea che i prodotti si scambiano contro prodotti. Questo è il cuore della neutralità classica, che in ultima analisi, è la versione moderna della pretesa che la politica fiscale e monetaria non possono favorevolmente alterare le condizioni reali dell’economia.
Nella teoria del plusvalore, Vol. 2 cap. XVII, si legge:
“La concezione (che in realtà appartiene a [James] Mill, adottata da Ricardo dal noiso Say (e al quale torneremo quando discuteremo di quel miserabile individuo), che la sovrapproduzione non è possibile, si basa sulla proposizione che i prodotti vengono scambiati contro i prodotti, o come Mills sostiene, “sull’equilibrio metafisico di venditori e acquirenti”, e questo ha portato alla [conclusione] che la domanda è determinata soltanto dalla produzione, o anche che la domanda e l’offerta sono identiche. Lo stesso proposito esiste anche sulla forma, che a Ricardo è piaciuta particolarmente, che qualsiasi quantità di capitale può essere impiegata produttivamente in qualsiasi paese”.
Questo passaggio mette in evidenza anche il motivo per cui l’uso di esempi come “economia di baratto” siano profondamente sbagliati. Un economia monetaria ha dinamiche che non vengono acquisite in un mondo di baratto in cui i prodotti sono scambiati direttamente con altri prodotti. Se tracciassimo la posizione conservatrice corrente (neoliberista) (e la maggio parte dell’economia tradizionale) nuovamente dentro le proposte classiche che Marx stava attaccando, troveremmo una corrispondenza prossima al 100% in termini di concetti ed implicazioni. Si sbagliavano allora e, per estensione logica, si sbagliano ora.
L’esistenza di un interruttore di circuito in forma di stock di denaro (riconoscendo che il denaro è più di un mezzo di scambio ma anche un’autonoma forma di materia prima) ha portato Marx a concludere che ci fosse la possibilità di stagnazione (definita come un conflitto tra acquisto e vendita). E’ interessante notare che Marx ha anche anticipato la moderna distinzione tra domanda nominale ed effettiva che sta nella comprensione del reale contributo di Keynes. Marx ha osservato che nel negare la possibilità di un “eccesso” generale, Ricardo fa appello alle esigenze illimitate ei consumatori per le materie prime e ogni particolare saturazione sarebbe rapidamente superata da maggiori richieste di altre materie prime.
Leggere l’intera sezione dedicata alla Teoria del plusvalore è un’esortazione poiché la sua saggezza è al centro del problema moderno dell’alta disoccupazione e della stagnante crescita. Keynes non ha offerto di più di quanto non si possa trovare in questa opera di Marx.
George Magnus, dice che il messaggio di Marx sulla crisi attuale è che:
“… i responsabili politici devono mettere in cima all’agenda economica i posti di lavoro e prendere in considerazione altre misure non ortodosse. La crisi non è temporanea e certamente non sarà curata dalla passione ideologica del governo per l’austerità”.
Egli elenca anche cinque grandi punti per il risveglio:
1) dobbiamo sostenere la domanda aggregata e la crescita del reddito e i governi devono fare della creazione dei posti di lavoro la cartina di tornasole della politica.
2) alleggerire il peso del debito ipotecario, o scambiare qualche remissione del debito per i futuri pagamenti verso i creditori su ogni aumento dei prezzi delle case.
3) aiutare le banche “in particolare , ad ottenere nuovo credito da erogare a favore delle piccole imprese,” allentando le regole di adeguatezza patrimoniale e “la spesa pubblica diretta o il finanziamento indiretto degli investimenti nazionali o programmi di infrastrutture”.
L’esatta natura dell’intervento è discutibile ma l’intenzione non lo è. La soluzione deve considerare che la domanda aggregata sia stimolata e con la spesa non governativa piatta, la responsabilità di spingere la spesa spetta al governo.
4) “per alleviare l’onere del debito sovrano nella zona euro, i creditori europei devono estendere i tassi di interesse più bassi e termini di pagamento più lunghi recentemente proposti per la Grecia”. Anche se questo potrebbe dare un sollievo temporaneo, che non arrivare al cuore della questione, che è il design imperfetto (e disfunzionale) del sistema monetario globale. Tale “sollievo” non risolverebbe il problema inerente.
5) “per sviluppare le difese contro il rischio di cadere in deflazione e nella stagnazione, le banche centrali dovrebbero guardare al di là dei programmi di acquisto delle obbligazioni, e invece indirizzare un tasso di crescita della produzione economica nominale”. Io non condivido l’idea che la banca centrale sia un giocatore importante nella politica di contro-stabilizzazione. Vorrei scrivere su questo punto, in modo più dettagliato, in un altro momento.
Conclusione
Ho trovato interessante il fatto che una persona consulente dei mercati finanziari suggerisce che Karl Marx abbia mantenuto una rilevanza. E’ chiaro che il capitalismo ha raggiunto un punto di crisi dopo tre decenni di deregulation, privatizzazioni, tagli al welfare, ecc… che sono stati sostenuti in quanto avrebbero ottimizzato la propria performance. Era chiaro che tutta questa legislazione neoliberista era fatta per spingere più potere al capitale, ridistribuire il reddito reale lontano dai lavoratori, e pe ridurre la capacità politica dei governi di utilizzare la politica fiscale e la regolamentazione per mediare la lotta di classe e sostenere la piena occupazione.
Il Capitale non ha mai apprezzato la piena occupazione. Marx lo sapeva.
Gli ultimi trent’anni o giù di lì hanno visto erodere i guadagni fatti dai lavoratori e dai loro sindacati durante un secolo di lotta, attraverso l’attacco implacabile ai loro diritti e alle loro condizioni.
La lotta di classe è viva e dominante in questa crisi.
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